Investigation of Low-grade Thermal Energy Harvesting using an Aqueous-based Thermoelectrochemical System
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Date
2015-05
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The Ohio State University
Abstract
Improved efficiency of energy systems and development of sustainable, low-carbon-emission energy generation processes are essential for the long-term health of the environment as well as our economic, social and societal endeavors. Heat engines are typically 30% to 55% efficient, and loss roughly 15 terawatts energy in the form of waste heat to the environment.
Classical solid-state thermoelectric generators potentially provide an approach to improve the efficiency of those systems by converting waste heat directly into useful electricity, but have limited applications due to their high cost low and energy conversion efficiency.
In our research, we invented a liquid-state thermoelectrochemical cell. Based on ambipolar thermoelectric ion transport due to concentration difference in the water, ECTEGs can generate electric power in a temperature gradient from an electrolyte in which anions and cations have very different ions’ mobilities. If the two types of ions have different mobilities in water solutions, the passage of cations with larger mobility can produce higher internal voltage than that of anions with less mobility. This produces a net internal voltage in the presence of a temperature gradient, without depleting the electrolyte chemically.
We present a quantitative theory for the effect and proved this principle by constructing an thermoelectrochemical cell with HNO3 and Ba(NO3)2 (hydrogen has a much larger mobility than other ions). The system was placed in temperature gradients and according to Le Chatelier’s principle, adding to or removing heat from a reaction (HNO3 with Ba(NO3)2 in our research) can change the chemical equilibrium and thus the hydrogen concentration at different temperatures.
The output voltage is measured as function of temperature gradient, and the thermoelectrochemical cell produced - 903μV/K, experimentally. We also did a theoretical thermopower calculation for the cell with HNO3 and Ba(NO3)2 which is - 498 μV/K. The ZT of this thermoelectrochemical cell at 42.5 ℃ is about 0.013.
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Keywords
Waste Heat Recovery, Energy, Thermoelectric Effect, Electrochemistry