Ohio Journal of Science: Volume 66, Issue 2 (March, 1966)

Permanent URI for this collection

Front Matter
pp 0
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (1028KB)

Foreword
Bates, Robert L. pp 97-97
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (56KB)

Geological Communication in the Industrial Minerals
Bates, Robert L. pp 98-101
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (275KB)

Role of a State Geological Survey in the Development of Limestone and Dolomite Resources
Rooney, Lawrence F. pp 101-110
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (757KB)

A Railroad Geologist Looks at Limestone and Dolomite
Shrode, Raymond S. pp 110-115
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (627KB)

High-Calcium Limestone Deposits of Cumberland Valley, Pennsylvania
Swain, F. M.; Palacas, J. G.; Kraft, J. C. pp 116-123
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (644KB)

New York Cement Producers Adjust to Geologic Complexities
Brown, Severn P. pp 123-130
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (2606KB)

Limestone Deposits vs. Beneficiation
Ames, John A. pp 131-136
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (511KB)

Importance of Cement Market Characteristics to the Industrial Geologist
Schenck, George H. K.; McCarl, Henry N. pp 137-145
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (790KB)

Limestone and Dolomite : Geologists and Percentage Depletion Allowances
Cooper, Byron N. pp 146-152
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (658KB)

Water, Clay and Rock Soundness
Dunn, James R.; Hudec, Peter P. pp 153-168
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (2408KB)

Sedimentology of the Salem Limestone in Indiana
Smith, Ned M. pp 168-179
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (1767KB)

Petrogrpahic Analysis of Northern Indiana Carbonate Aggregates
Aughenbaugh, N. B.; Lounsbury, R. W. pp 179-187
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (1419KB)

Corps of Engineers Procedure in the Development of a New Limestone or Dolomite Source
Brewer, James E. pp 188-191
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (330KB)

Significance of Chert in Limestone and Dolomite Used as Concrete Aggregate
Kneller, William A. pp 191-191
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (80KB)

Book Reviews
pp 192-192
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (131KB)

Analysis of Plankton Ingested by Stizostedium Vitreum Vitreum (Mitchill) Fry and Concurrent Vertical Plankton Tows from Southwestern Lake Erie, May 1961 and May 1962
Hohn, Matthew H. pp 193-197
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (387KB)

Book Notices
pp 197-197
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (65KB)

Some Chemical Reactions in Silica Gels. I, Formation of Mercuric Iodide Crystals
Kurz, Philip F. pp 198-209
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (916KB)

The Suspensory Muscles in a Tipulid Larva, Tipula Abdominalis (Diptera: Tipulidae)
Eldridge, Marjorie pp 209-219
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (843KB)

Observations on the Calls of the Grasshopper Mouse (Onychomys Leucogaster)
Ruffer, David G. pp 219-220
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (159KB)

Book Reviews
pp 221-224
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (495KB)

Back Matter
pp 999
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (1199KB)

Browse

Recent Submissions

Now showing 1 - 20 of 23
  • Item
    Back Matter
    (1966-03)
  • Item
    Book Reviews
    (1966-03)
  • Item
    Observations on the Calls of the Grasshopper Mouse (Onychomys Leucogaster)
    (1966-03) Ruffer, David G.
    Calls of grasshopper mice include squeaks, chirping, a single high-pitched call, and a two-phase high-pitched call. The latter two are a means of intraspecific localization and are not a hunting call as previously supposed. A variable range of postures are assumed during the calls.
  • Item
    The Suspensory Muscles in a Tipulid Larva, Tipula Abdominalis (Diptera: Tipulidae)
    (1966-03) Eldridge, Marjorie
    There are three pairs of suspensory muscles in the larva of Tipula abdominalis which originate dorso-laterally between body segments one through four and insert laterally along the mid-gut and on the mid-portion of the Malpighian tubules. Cytologically these muscles resemble body wall muscles more than gut muscles. In the living animal, the muscles probably take up slack and keep the gut and Malpighian tubules from being displaced unduly.
  • Item
    Some Chemical Reactions in Silica Gels. I, Formation of Mercuric Iodide Crystals
    (1966-03) Kurz, Philip F.
    This investigation was concerned with reactions which form Hgl2 in acidic gels prepared with acetic acid and sodium silicate. The results of this work support the postulation that the yellow crystal frontal zone which advances through the gel as reaction progresses is probably the yellow polymorph of Hgl2 and not a complex alkali metal mercuri-iodide. In addition, the results show that mercuric chloride reacts with iodine in acidic gels to form Hgl2. A plausible reaction scheme involving enhancement of I2 hydrolysis and enhancement of the disproportionation of HOI by the presence of Hg++ appears to explain this unanticipated behavior.
  • Item
    Book Notices
    (1966-03)
  • Item
    Analysis of Plankton Ingested by Stizostedium Vitreum Vitreum (Mitchill) Fry and Concurrent Vertical Plankton Tows from Southwestern Lake Erie, May 1961 and May 1962
    (1966-03) Hohn, Matthew H.
    The analysis of plankton tows for May, 1961, and May, 1962, showed four species of diatoms, Melosira binderana, M. ambigua, Fragilaria capucina and F. crotonensis to be dominant. The analysis of the intestinal tract of the walleye fry showed these four species to be dominant in the fry up to 9 mm. Those fry above 9 mm contained zooplankton as well as species of these diatoms. This preliminary study indicates a change in food habits of the walleye fry at the 9-mm stage.
  • Item
    Book Reviews
    (1966-03)
  • Item
    Corps of Engineers Procedure in the Development of a New Limestone or Dolomite Source
    (1966-03) Brewer, James E.
    Procedure for approval by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers of a new source of aggregate is in three phases. Phase 1 consists of an investigation of a quarry or proposed quarry by district geologist and laboratory geologist and/or petrographer. The quarry face or suitable outcrop is logged in detail or, if exposures are poor, cores may be taken to determine whether further investigations are warranted. Phase 2 consists of thorough laboratory testing. Cores and crushed material are subjected to a number of acceptance and quality tests for soundness, absorption, abrasion, reactivity, and other properties. Petrographic analysis is also made. Phase 3 is a physical and economic study of the site and involves determining quantity of stone availavailable, amount and character of overburden, condition of haul roads and distance to rail shipping point, plant flow sheets and capacity, aggregate sizes produced, and approximate price of material at plant.
  • Item
    Petrogrpahic Analysis of Northern Indiana Carbonate Aggregates
    (1966-03) Aughenbaugh, N. B.; Lounsbury, R. W.
    A study was made to determine those petrographic parameters that are correlative with carbonate-aggregate quality as indicated by the Los Angeles abrasion and absorption tests. Samples collected at 28 sites in northern and eastern Indiana were analyzed petrographically, chiefly for void content, grain size, grain-size variation, grain shape, and grain interlock. Most of the sampled sites are in the belt of Silurian rocks of east-central and northwestern Indiana. Though a few sites lie outside this belt, most of these have only a thin Devonian section above the Silurian. Three sites are non-Silurian and are included for comparison. Most of the samples studied are from Middle and Upper Silurian units. Both biohermal and nonbiohermal facies are included. The biohermal rocks are typically dense but vugular, finely crystalline granular dolomite. Nonbiohermal facies are porous, medium to coarsely crystalline, granular dolomite with dolomite rhombs. The Los Angeles abrasion losses ranged from 20 to 46 per cent, the rocks in the eastern part of the state showing the higher values. Absorption tests indicate the same general quality trend. Comparison of petrographic studies with Los Angeles abrasion- and absorption-test results indicate the following correlations. (1) As per cent of voids increases, quality decreases. (2) As average grain size increases, quality decreases. (3) Variations from mean grain size appear to have no effect on the quality. (4) As angularity and roughness of the grains increase, quality increases. (5) As grain-to-grain interlock increases, quality increases. Variations in the calcium-magnesium ratio have no apparent effect on aggregatequality, except as they affect the texture.
  • Item
    Sedimentology of the Salem Limestone in Indiana
    (1966-03) Smith, Ned M.
    The Mississippian Salem Limestone, from which dimension stone is quarried in Indiana, is principally a calcarenitic rock formed of fossil bryozoans, echinoderms, and specimens of Endothyra. Numerical associations of the fossils, binding materials, oolitically coated fossils, and voids were determined by counting points on the surfaces of 278 thin sections of the limestone. Median sizes, coefficients of sorting, and skewness numbers were computed from measurements made of constituents in these thin sections. Many other samples and numerous exposures of the Salem and contiguous parts of adjacent formations also were studied. The organisms that furnished the skeletal material for formation of the Salem Limestone were chiefly gregarious and communal. Salem rocks are formed of nearly whole skeletons, of dismembered or slightly damaged skeletons, and of skeletons thoroughly ground up, because currents in the Salem sea varied in their ability to move and damage these materials. Locally the sediments are of uniform grain size because of sorting by currents and because related organisms grew to similar sizes. Rocks of the formation contain different proportions of the fauna both because the animals lived in these proportions and because their skeletons were mixed together by currents. The proportional relationships between members of the fauna were constant locally and for short periods of time. Study and mapping of the faunal associations, numbers of oolitically coated fossils, bedding structures, and size parameters enables geologists to suggest sedimentologic histories and sequences in areas of various sizes. Interpretations based upon such areal studies are necessary for evaluation of the dimension-stone potential within the Salem Limestone.
  • Item
    Water, Clay and Rock Soundness
    (1966-03) Dunn, James R.; Hudec, Peter P.
    The nature of water and clay in carbonate rocks is currently being investigated at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute by various thermal and sorption techniques. Two basic concepts led to the present research. (1) To explain the expansion and contraction on wetting and drying of some unsound argillaceous carbonate rocks, it was postulated that the pore space around each clay particle is such that when water is sorbed by the clay, force is exerted against the pore walls. (2) The clays in expansive rocks are rejected from the growing dolomite crystals during their growth, and form a more or less connected network, thereby becoming "wettable," or available to water. New quantitative cold differential-thermal-analysis (electrocalorimetric) equipment was designed and constructed to check the "limited space" and "wettable clay" concepts and to determine the thermal nature of the transition of water to ice in rocks. This DTA equipment can detect the release of heat in freezing of less than 0.001 per cent water in a rock. Twenty-three rock cores (nine sound and fourteen unsound) and 4 procelain cylinders for standards were studied. In the nine sound rocks and in all the procelain cylinders, the rapid freezing of from 50 to 100 per cent of the water was readily detectable after 7 to 10° C of supercooling. No further freezing could be detected to —20° C. However, in eleven of the fourteen unsound rocks, no freezing was detected to as low as —40° C; in the other three, less than 50 per cent of the water froze. As a check of the DTA measurements, adsorption isotherms were determined for all materials. Calculations of theoretical freezing points for sorbed water again demonstrated that the least sound rocks had the most nonfreezable water. "Frost" sensitivity in these carbonate rocks is, therefore, probably not the result of the force of expansion of water to ice. The disruptive force is believed to result from expansion of sorbed, ordered water on clay surfaces. The relationship between the unfilled rock pores after 24-hour water saturation and the water sorbed at 85 per cent humidity at 30° C (i.e., the theoretical nonfreezable water delineates the sound and unsound carbonate rocks.
  • Item
    Limestone and Dolomite : Geologists and Percentage Depletion Allowances
    (1966-03) Cooper, Byron N.
    The Revenue Act of 1926 provided for five simple categories of natural resources to have the benefit of depletion allowances. In the 1947 Revenue Act, the number was increased to twenty-five, and in the 1951 Revenue Act to fifty-four. Of this number, fourteen were allowed 5 per cent; nine, 10 per cent; twenty-nine, 15 per cent; one, 23 per cent; and one (oil and gas), 27.5 per cent. The 1951 Revenue Act created a host of difficulties, including application of the "enduse criterion" and determination of the commonly accepted meaning of such terms as limestone, dolomite, chemical- and metallurgical-grade limestone, marble, calcium carbonates, and magnesium carbonates. Dolomite, for example, was listed at 10 per cent depletion allowance, but without definition. In the great amount of litigation growing out of the 1951 Revenue Act and its administration, it became essential to understand the derivation and subsequent usage of these common geologic terms. One thing that became clear was that our definitions changed significantly between the time that the 1951 Revenue Act became law and the time that later cases were tried. Some geologists neglected to learn about first usages of such terms as metallurgical limestone, and about meanings that were applicable when the 1951 Revenue Act was written and passed. Legal meanings in this paper are discussed in the light of certain famous cases that have been tried and settled.
  • Item
    Importance of Cement Market Characteristics to the Industrial Geologist
    (1966-03) Schenck, George H. K.; McCarl, Henry N.
    Decisions to develop deposits of calcareous materials for cement production are based largely on anticipated markets for heavy construction which utilizes concrete. The geologist should understand the fundamental factors that underlie such management decisions, so that his field work and reports will more effectively relate to the information requirements of managers in the cement industry. The paper examines the relationships that exist between exploration and development of calcareous raw materials for cement manufacture and changing factors in the marketing of cement. Continued overcapacity, improved technology, changing distribution patterns,ease of entry, economics of scale, and the nature of product demand are some of thecharacteristics of the cement industry that are basic to decisions regarding explorationprograms and property development.
  • Item
    Limestone Deposits vs. Beneficiation
    (1966-03) Ames, John A.
    Limestone for portland cement must be beneficiated to produce uniform raw material for the kiln. Careful quarrying and selective recovery are factors in this process, but the chief aspects of beneficiation are "in plant" processes, such as crushing and screening, washing, grinding, flotation, and heavy-media separation. Numerous technical and economic problems exist. Detailed studies of the limestone deposit and the stone itself are required for intelligent beneficiation.
  • Item
    New York Cement Producers Adjust to Geologic Complexities
    (1966-03) Brown, Severn P.
    Cement plants in the central Hudson River valley utilize limestones of the Helderbergian Series of the Lower Devonian. Chiefly calcilutites, calcarenites, and cherty calcisiltites, these rocks represent progressively deeper environments, from lagoonal to neritic, with scattered reef deposits. Stratigraphic continuity is marked, and a layer-bylayer analysis shows strikingly constant chemical compositions. The structural picture varies from flat-lying and relatively unfaulted beds on the northwest, through gently folded and faulted beds on the north, to complex overturned beds with closely spaced imbricate faults on the south. Operating techniques are simpler in the north, where grade control is effected chiefly by the initial layout of the faces. In the south, grade control requires flexibility and frequent adjustment of faces or scheduling. A system of quarrying along strike has been developed, grade being computed from a cumulative foot-per cent graph of the critical oxides in each mappable layer. Balancing shovel production among the many faces is simplified by comparing production requirement ratios with ratios of the various types of rock in each face. Drilling and blasting limits are geologically controlled if warranted, or large blasts embracing several rock types are shot and the resulting pile of broken rock is staked along shovel limits.
  • Item
    High-Calcium Limestone Deposits of Cumberland Valley, Pennsylvania
    (1966-03) Swain, F. M.; Palacas, J. G.; Kraft, J. C.
    High-calcium limestones occur in the upper part of the New Market Formation, of Lower Middle Ordovician age, in Franklin and Cumberland Counties, Pennsylvania. The high-calcium facies of the New Market Formation is represented by sublithographic limestone or vaughanite, which probably formed in quiet water, low-energy environments such as intershoal lagoons, or in protected bays similar to the present-day Florida Bay environment. Rapid facies changes are characteristic of the strata. The better grade of stone lies in the upper 100 to 125 feet of the New Market Formation and averages 95-97% calcium carbonate. Silica and magnesia are about equal in amount as impurities. One high-calcium belt extends from the Maryland state line through Chambersburg and Newville to beyond Carlisle. The strata in this belt are structurally complex, which requires careful field study and core-drilling prior to exploitation. Stone suitable for blast-furnace flux is present in relatively large amounts, but stone for open-hearth use or portland cement requires more selective quarrying.
  • Item
    A Railroad Geologist Looks at Limestone and Dolomite
    (1966-03) Shrode, Raymond S.
    Limestone and dolomite production is of significant importance to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Except for coal, more tons of limestone and dolomite are moved by the Railroad than any other mineral raw material. In the territory served by the Railroad, these materials are produced from every geologic system from Cambrian through Pennsylvanian. Some of the operations produce premium stone acceptable for high-specification steel and chemical use; at others, the stone finds application as aggregate materials and for cement manufacture. The Railroad is interested in seeing continued production from the operations it now serves, and in serving operations in a way mutually beneficial to the Railroad and to the producer. In working with producers, the importance of geologic knowledge in prospecting and development of deposits has been clearly recognized. In turn, knowledge of the economic and technological facets of production and consumption is needed for the geologists to participate with maximum efficiency.
  • Item
    Role of a State Geological Survey in the Development of Limestone and Dolomite Resources
    (1966-03) Rooney, Lawrence F.
    The wide distribution of limestone and dolomite and the decentralization of the depedent industries give the State Geological Survey a major role in the development of these mineral resources. The amount of geological information necessary for efficient exploration is so large that few companies can afford to do the necessary basic field work or store the data. The state surveys fill these responsibilities and thus might be said to serve as the geological research departments of the limestone and dolomite industry. At the Indiana Geological Survey, the data of most value to limestone producers are in the form of unpublished measured sections, well records, cores, chemical analyses, directories, and geologic maps. Much of this information is published in summary form. The Survey also assists individual members of industry in exploration and evaluation of mineral deposits. In addition, a progressive State Survey provides the geological information necessary for the development of new resources which do not appear to justify industry's own preliminary efforts.