Ohio Journal of Science: Volume 112, Issue 2 (2013)

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https://kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/54944


Front Matter
pp. 0
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The influence of host plant species on the frequency of defensive behaviors exhibited by the Oleander aphid, Aphis nerii, in response to the parasitoid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes
Colvin, Sarah M.; Yeargan, Kenneth V. pp. 2-5
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (495.6Kb)

Essential science knowledge for non-science majors: an electronic survey of The Ohio Academy of Science members and associates
Gahbauer, Mary D. pp. 6-23
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Research overview: Holocene development of Lake Erie
Herdendorf, Charles E. pp. 24-36
Article description | Article Full Text PDF (752.3Kb)

Comparing Allelopathic Effects of Root and Leaf Extracts of Invasive Alliaria petiolata, Lonicera maackii and Ranunculus ficaria on Germination of Three Native Woodland Plants
Cipollini, Kendra A.; Flint, Wesley N. pp. 37-43
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Length-weight relationships of the Mimic shiner Notropis volucellus (Cope 1865) in the Western Basin of Lake Erie
Middleton, Sarah; Perello, Melanie; Simon, Thomas P. pp. 44-50
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Intramuscular Fat and Conception in Cows (Bos taurus)
Boyles, Stephen L. pp. 51-54
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The geologic interpretation of scenic features in Ohio [Classic Reprint]
Carman, J. Ernest pp. 55-73
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Recent Ohio Patent Awards (2011-2012)
pp. 74-81
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Reiteration of Open Access plan and policies for The Ohio Journal of Science
pp. 82
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Ohio Patent Awards application for 2015
pp. [83-84]
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Back Matter
pp. 999
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    Back Matter
    (2013)
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    Front Matter
    (2013)
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    Intramuscular Fat and Conception in Cows (Bos taurus)
    (2013) Boyles, Stephen L.
    Real-time ultrasound intramuscular fat (IMF), back fat (BF), and rump fat (RF) measurements were obtained at or near breeding and compared to conception status in beef cows (Bos taurus). The objective of this experiment was to determine if real-time ultrasound IMF measurements are correlated with conception in beef cows. The study included 207 cows that were being used in an estrus synchronization program. Ultrasound measurements were collected at the first timed artificial insemination session. Collection of IMF involved two images: the upper quip (UQ) proximal to the skin and the lower quip (LQ) deeper in the muscle. RF was correlated (P < 0.01) with BF and UQ measurements. However, BF measurements did not appear to be correlated (P > 0.20) with LQ or UQ. The BF, RF, UQ, calf birth weight and postpartum interval measurements did not merit inclusion in the model based on a log likelihood test (P > 0.05). The LQ measurement was positively correlated with the probability that the cow became pregnant (P = 0.03). In the range of lower quip values from 0 to 10, the probability of successful pregnancy increased approximately five percent for a five-unit increase in the LQ value. For LQ values in the range of 10-15, the probability of successful AI increased approximately 2.5 percent for a five-unit increase in the lower quip value. The log likelihood test value for UQ was close (P = 0.06) to being significant and merits further investigation.
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    Length-weight relationships of the Mimic shiner Notropis volucellus (Cope 1865) in the Western Basin of Lake Erie
    (2013) Middleton, Sarah; Perello, Melanie; Simon, Thomas P.
    Gender relationships between total and standard length (mm) were compared to weight (mg) in the mimic shiner, Notropis volucellus for the western Lake Erie basin in the vicinity of the Bass Islands. Length and weight relationship (n=300), length-frequency distribution, and sex ratios (n=884) from a single date from Gibraltar Island in June 2012 were analyzed for coastal shoreline and tributaries. A strong positive correlation was found between length and weight for both males and females. In females, a significant positive correlation exists between standard length (SL) and body weight (F=671.5, d.f.=135) and between total length (TL) and body weight (F=681.4, d.f.=135). In males, there was also a strong positive correlation between SL and body weight (F=1744.9, d.f.=160) and between TL and body weight (F=1656.6, d.f.=160). Combining data for the two sexes helped determine a strong relationship between SL and body weight (F=1908.3, d.f.=299) and between TL and body weight (F=1885.9, d.f.=299) that was consistent with the results from the individual sexes. The growth patterns of male and female mimic shiner differed significantly for both SL (F=0.76, p>0.05, d.f.=159-134) and TL (F=0.76, p>0.05, d.f.=159-134). Age I females ranged from 29–51 mm TL and Age I males ranged from 30–46 mm TL based on 884 individuals from Gibraltar Island. Age II females ranged from 57–61 mm TL and Age II males ranged from 54–56 mm TL. Mimic shiner exhibit indeterminate growth and gender influences growth patterns.
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    Comparing Allelopathic Effects of Root and Leaf Extracts of Invasive Alliaria petiolata, Lonicera maackii and Ranunculus ficaria on Germination of Three Native Woodland Plants
    (2013) Cipollini, Kendra A.; Flint, Wesley N.
    Invasive plant species can exhibit allelopathic effects on native plant species. The strength of this allelopathic effect can vary with invasive species, with target species and with type of plant tissue extract. The purpose of this study was to determine the direct effects of extracts from roots or leaves of three Midwestern US invasive plants (Alliaria petiolata, Lonicera maackii and Ranunculus ficaria) on the germination success of three native target species (Anemone virginiana, Blephilia hirsuta and Elymus hystrix) in a fully factorial experiment. Leaf extract treatments overall showed more germination inhibition compared to root extract treatments. As concentration increased, effects of extracts increased. Extracts of leaves of A. petiolata had the greatest inhibition of germination across all other treatments. Effects of root and leaf extracts of each invasive species varied with each target species. While E. hystrix showed little response to extracts of roots or leaves of L. maackii and R. ficaria, B. hirsuta and A. virginiana germination were reduced by leaf extracts of these two invasive species. This study confirms the strong direct allelopathic effects of A. petiolata, though the strength of the effect varies with target species and with type of tissue used to make extracts. This study is the first to directly compare the effects of these invasive species on a suite of native, ecologically-relevant target species.
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    The influence of host plant species on the frequency of defensive behaviors exhibited by the Oleander aphid, Aphis nerii, in response to the parasitoid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes
    (2013) Colvin, Sarah M.; Yeargan, Kenneth V.
    The oleander aphid, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe, feeds on milkweeds in the Apocynaceae family. Characteristics including trichome density and leaf toughness vary among milkweed species. The hypothesis that host plant characteristics influence the frequency of defensive behaviors exhibited by this aphid against the parasitoid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), was tested in a laboratory experiment. Interactions between oleander aphids and L. testaceipes were investigated on four milkweed species with different physical characteristics. Aphids responded to parasitoid presence with spinning, kicking, bucking, a coordinated defense, and the excretion of cornicle wax. When excreted, cornicle wax reduced parasitoid foraging time regardless of host plant species. The most common response to parasitoid presence was a coordinated defense behavior on all host plant species. When spinning, kicking, bucking, and coordinated defenses were combined per host plant species, aphid defenses tended to be greater in frequency on Cynanchum laeve and Asclepias incarnata than on A. tuberosa with A. syriaca being intermediate. Our results suggest that aphids colonizing host plants with few physical defenses may exhibit a greater number of defensive behaviors than aphids on plants having rougher leaf textures and high trichome densities.
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    Essential science knowledge for non-science majors: an electronic survey of The Ohio Academy of Science members and associates
    (2013) Gahbauer, Mary D.
    As science and technology increasingly characterize our civilization, there is a growing need for the general population to achieve "scientific literacy." The meaning of this attractive but ill-defined term varies within political, educational, and social contexts. This paper reports a study of what scientific literacy is appropriate in the specific context of undergraduate general science education; for most students this is their last opportunity for formal learning in science. Members and associates of The Ohio Academy of Science (OAS) were surveyed by email to gain their opinions on (1) which topics of science (other than discipline specific content), and (2) what level of technical detail, are essential for non-science citizens. Responses (N=557) showed a moderately uniform opinion that (1) science should be taught as a stepwise method of knowledge construction and explanation; heavy emphasis is needed on evidence and its uses in science in contrast to everyday thinking and pseudoscience; science should be related to other disciplines of study and to "real world" personal, social and global problems, and that (2) the appropriate level scientific literacy is general rather than more technical. Exceptions were the definitions of theory, hypothesis and law, for which more technical, rather than general, versions were favored. These aspects of scientific understanding correspond more closely to the non-expert "consumer", "competent outsider", or "citizens" science than to the "scientific insider", or "scientists" science. This research may have implications for curricular design because scientific reasoning and application of science to real world problems are often not prominent in science courses or texts.
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    Research overview: Holocene development of Lake Erie
    (2013) Herdendorf, Charles E.
    This paper reviews and summarizes research on the Holocene evolutionary history of Lake Erie. New bathymetric data published in 1998 and more recently by the National Geophysical Data Center reveal lake-floor features indicative of former, now inundated, shorelines. These data combined with other recent research, permit a detailed reconstruction of Lake Erie's complex history since the Wisconsinan ice sheet retreated some 12,000 years ago, ending a series of glacial lakes and initiating a series of post-glacial lake stages. The lakes that have occupied the Lake Erie Basin are grouped into three phases. The oldest phase, 14,400 to 12,000 years ago, had lake stages associated with glaciers in the basin and were higher than present Lake Erie. The middle phase, 12,000 to 4,700 years ago, had lake stages isolated from Upper Lakes drainage during a dryer climatic period and were below the present level of Lake Erie. In the last phase, from 4,700 to present, the Lake Erie Basin received Upper Lakes drainage and the water level rose to a slightly higher stage before establishing the present elevation through outlet erosion.