International Journal of Rural Criminology: Volume 1, Issue 1 (December 2011)

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Issue DOI: http://doi.org/10.18061/1811/51123

Editor's Introduction
pp. i-iii
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Predictors of Fear and Risk of Terrorism in a Rural State
May, David C.; Herbert, Joe; Cline, Kelly; Nellis, Ashley
pp. 1-22
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Telephoning Fish: An Examination of the Creative Deviance Used by Wildlife Violators in the United States
Green, Egan K.
pp. 23-39
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Theorising Illegal Rural Enterprise: Is everyone at it?
McElwee, Gerard; Smith, Rob; Somerville, Peter
pp. 40-62
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Social Structure and Informal Social Control in Rural Communities
Li, Yuh-Yuh
pp. 63-88
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The Influence of Rapid Social Change on Civic Community and Perceptions of Crime and Disorder
Brown, Timothy
pp. 89-104
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Trouble in the Heartland: Challenges Confronting Rural Jails
Ruddell, Rick; Mays, G. Larry
pp. 105-131
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    Editor's Introduction
    (Ohio State University. Libraries, 2011-12) Donnermeyer, Joseph F.; Barclay, Elaine; Phillips, Daniel W.; Weisheit, Ralph; Wood, Darryl S.
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    Predictors of Fear and Risk of Terrorism in a Rural State
    (Ohio State University. Libraries, 2011-12) May, David C.; Herbert, Joe; Cline, Kelly; Nellis, Ashley
    This article examines attitudes about terrorism utilizing criminological literature about fear of crime and perceived risk of victimization and data from a statewide survey of 1,617 adults in Kentucky. Measures of both fear of terrorism and perceived risk of terrorism were geography based. The demographic variables had minimal impact on both perceived risk of terrorism and fear of terrorism, although gender was significantly related to both, suggesting a link based on socialization experiences of men and women. Although rural residence had a small but statistically significant relationship to perceived risk, it was not related to fear. The strongest predictor of fear was perceived risk itself, which mirrors research on the close association of fear of crime and perceived risk to victimization.
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    Telephoning Fish: An Examination of the Creative Deviance Used by Wildlife Violators in the United States
    (Ohio State University. Libraries, 2011-12) Green, Egan K.
    Wildlife poachers throughout the world have developed innovative techniques to commit their crimes and evade arrest by law enforcement. By taking advantage of technological advances as well as legitimate wildlife management practices, the poachers are able to participate in what Cohen and Machalek (1988, 1995) refer to as expropriative crime strategies. This paper documents specific non-conventional poaching techniques used as reported by 22 self-reported poachers, 14 wildlife law enforcement agents and 2 non-poaching hunters who were wildlife crime witnesses. The data, collected in semi-formal interviews, also present the different perceptions of poaching frequency and methods by both criminals and law enforcement officers.
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    Theorising Illegal Rural Enterprise: Is everyone at it?
    (Ohio State University. Libraries, 2011-12) McElwee, Gerard; Smith, Rob; Somerville, Peter
    Illegal entrepreneurship in the rural is under researched and scrutinised, yet it occupies a distinctive space in entrepreneurship practice in terms of how it is construed and how it is enacted. This is a theoretical paper which provides a conceptual framework for defining ‘ideal types’ of illegal rural enterprise activity in order to better frame the phenomenon. Four types of enterprise activity are provided which suggest how the activities of illegal entrepreneurship in the rural can be categorised. This article is valuable to researchers and policy makers in that the framework suggests diversity in illegal rural enterprises which can manifest differing motives and modes of operation.
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    Social Structure and Informal Social Control in Rural Communities
    (Ohio State University. Libraries, 2011-12) Li, Yuh-Yuh
    The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between social structure and crime in rural counties of the United States. Social structures are assumed to be associated with informal control of crime, and as well, it is assumed that structural changes in rural communities influence changes in the level of informal social control of crime, hence, crime itself. Social disorganization theory provides a useful macro-level study frame for this study. The county is the study unit. Data from 2,050 non-metropolitian counties were collected, using three different sources: the census, the FBI Uniform Crime Report, and the USDA Economic Research Service. US Counties data files of the US Bureau of Census provide the demographic and social economic variables for 1990 and 2000.The results show that social structural change in rural communities reduces social control in rural communities to some extent. The applications of findings are discussed in terms of future research on crime in rural communities.
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    The Influence of Rapid Social Change on Civic Community and Perceptions of Crime and Disorder
    (Ohio State University. Libraries, 2011-12) Brown, Timothy
    This study examines the effects of rapid social change brought on by industrial restructuring to nine small town/rural communities located in Southern Louisiana. Social change is often found to have negative impacts on traditional community organization. In particular, communities experiencing rapid social change often demonstrate heightened perceptions of crime problems and social disorder. Other sociological literature finds that communities that are civically organized show various positive social outcomes. Utilizing qualitative methodology, this study aimed to examine the nuances of the relationship between rapid social change, civic community, and perceptions of crime and disorder. This study proposed that civic and social organizations may work as intervening institutions against the negative effects of social change, such as increasing fear of crime. The study found a twofold effect of social capital on this relationship. First, when incoming workers are brought into civic and social organizations then the civic community does have a dampening effect on perceptions of crime. However, the integration of migrating workers into these organizations was dependent upon the workers level of trust or future reciprocity perceived by the local community. Furthermore, when workers were not integrated into civic and social organizations they were seen as potential criminals, which heightened the community’s fear and distrust of new-comers.
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    Trouble in the Heartland: Challenges Confronting Rural Jails
    (Ohio State University. Libraries, 2011-12) Ruddell, Rick; Mays, G. Larry
    There has been very little scholarship on the roles and functions of rural jails in the United States. This study examines some of the key challenges facing these small correctional institutions, using data from two national surveys, focus groups of jail administrators, and the results from a survey of Texas jail administrators. These studies solicited information about the operational challenges and changing offender populations in small and rural jails. In order to better respond to these changing characteristics, a number of policy options for rural jails are considered, including: regionalization, transferring the operations of local jails to state departments of corrections, increasing alternatives to incarceration, expanding local capacity, abiding by standards or becoming accredited, and privatizing local corrections. The merits of these different solutions are examined.