Ohio Journal of Science: Volume 74, Issue 6 (November, 1974)

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https://kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/22020

Front Matter
pp. 0
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Energetics and Fitness Introduction to the Symposium
Mitchell, Rodger; Downhower, Jerry F. pp. 337-338
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Adaptations at the Cell and Organelle Level for Utilizing Sunlight
Campbell, W. H.; Robertie, P.; Brown, R. H.; Black, C. C. pp. 339-350
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The Role of Diversity in the Energetics of Plant Communities
McNaughton, S. J. pp. 351-358
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Consumers as Regulators of Ecosystems: An Alternative to Energetics
Chew, Robert M. pp. 359-370
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The Energetics of Endotherms
McNab, Brian K. pp. 370-380
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Energy Allocation in Ephemeral Adult Insects
Price, Peter W. pp. 380-387
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Helminth Parasitism in Juvenile House Sparrows. Passer Domesticus (L.) from South Bass Island, Ohio, Including a List of Helminths Reported from this Host in North America
Cooper, C. Lawrence; Crites, John L. pp. 388-389
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Environmental Education in the United States A Status Report - 1974
Roth, Robert E. pp. 390-395
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Index to Volume 74
pp. 396-398
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Back Matter
pp. 999
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Back Matter
(1974-11)
Index to Volume 74
(1974-11)
Environmental Education in the United States A Status Report - 1974
(1974-11) Roth, Robert E.
Environmental education grew significantly in the U.S. during the decade 1964-1974. It would seem that the citizens of Spaceship Earth are becoming aware of their environmental responsibilities, and are actively seeking the institutional arrangements, educational programs, and behaviors essential to securing a quality environment and life style. The problems and opportunities that remain before us are enormous, but the challenge is clear as Leopold (1972) reminds us: Ours is not a job of building roads into lovely countryside, but of making inroads into the still unlovely human mind.
Helminth Parasitism in Juvenile House Sparrows. Passer Domesticus (L.) from South Bass Island, Ohio, Including a List of Helminths Reported from this Host in North America
(1974-11) Cooper, C. Lawrence; Crites, John L.
Energy Allocation in Ephemeral Adult Insects
(1974-11) Price, Peter W.
Ephemeral adults must be structurally prepared to produce a certain number of progeny, because time of reproduction is not a maneuverable factor. Since structures are more visible than fecundity, reproductive strategies may be more easily studied and interpreted. A study of 10 species of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), with ephemeral adults (longevity 13-31 days with only one or two generations per year), used ovariole numbers per ovary, egg volume and number, and the survivorship curve of the host, and host stage attacked, was used to interpret reproductive strategies. The balanced mortality hypothesis and Lack's hypothesis are supported. There is an evolutionary trend in the family Ichneumonidae for increased egg production paralleled by a decreased total reproductive effort
The Energetics of Endotherms
(1974-11) McNab, Brian K.
The energy expenditure of endotherms is influenced by body size, climate, and food habits. Body size is the most important factor determining basal rates of metabolism and thermal conductances. The interaction of these two parameters produces a temperature differential between an endotherm and its environment at the lower limit of thermoneutrality that normally increases with body weight. Greater basal rates of metabolism than expected from weight are found in temperate and arctic species; low basal rates are found in desert species. Low basal rates are also found in species that have a periodic food supply, in species that harvest food in an indescriminate manner, or in species that use food of low available energy content. Geographic limitations in the distribution of endotherms and the use of such evasionary tactics as torpor or migration may also be responses to a limited energy availability. Thermal conductances are low in temperate and arctic species, but high in tropical endotherms. Thus, the temperature differentials maintained by endotherms tend to vary with both climate and food habits. The weight-independent variations in metabolism and conductance permit an endotherm to compensate for a small body size, making temperature differentials independent of body weight. High intensity species compensate for a small size by an increase in the basal rate of metabolism beyond that expected from the standard weight-metabolism curve; low intensity species compensate for a small size by a decrease in thermal conductance. It therefore appears that the energy expenditure of endotherms is sensitive to their economic roles and to the physical conditions they face.
Consumers as Regulators of Ecosystems: An Alternative to Energetics
(1974-11) Chew, Robert M.
Little is known about consumers as regulators of ecosystem functioning. The evidence reviewed here suggests that consumers are beneficial to ecosystems as regulators rather than energy movers. In order to predict ecosystem behavior, it is essential to know how consumers cause departures from the linear transfers of energy depicted in most models. The complexity of population ecologies in nature greatly confounds generalizations based on circumstantial evidence, hence experimentation seems essential. More boldness and unconventionality is needed in experimentation. For example, diversity can be manipulated to extremes, important categories of consumers can be removed, entire fauna can be temporarily held back. Such experimentation has technical and time-span difficulties and the expense per experiment may be high, but the knowledge gained per dollar can be much more than the gains resulting from the traditional search for correlations in the accretions of field observations.
The Role of Diversity in the Energetics of Plant Communities
(1974-11) McNaughton, S. J.
Community organization, which is determined in an environmental matrix that varies in space, time, and resource quality, is an important determinant of fitnesses of constituent populations, [n addition, the fitnesses of individual populations are important determinants of community properties. Changes in species richness and equitability during plant succession indicate that comparative fitnesses of co-occuring populations, as measured by their abilities to contribute to energy flow, become more similar as succession proceeds. The rate of species invasion diminishes with greater diversity, and a smaller proportion of the flora is subject to extinction in a given time period. Community diversity, population fitness, environmental heterogeneity, and population and community stability are members of a complex feedback loop which couples each to the others.
Adaptations at the Cell and Organelle Level for Utilizing Sunlight
(1974-11) Campbell, W. H.; Robertie, P.; Brown, R. H.; Black, C. C.
The discovery of multiple pathways of carbon dioxide assimilation and dissimilation in higher plants has drastically changed the research and thinking in plant biology. The theme is developed that adaptations within photosynthesis are of fundamental importance in plants and that changes in this dominant metabolic process arc apt to result in strong and immediate selection advantages in the course of plant evolution. Data are presented on the variations in photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in the reductive pentose phosphate cycle, the C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, and in Crassulacean acid metabolism. Photosynthetic studies with primitive plants such as P silo turn nudum indicate a metabolism similar to Cj-dicarboxylic acid may have arisen in this primitive plant.
Energetics and Fitness Introduction to the Symposium
(1974-11) Mitchell, Rodger; Downhower, Jerry F.
Front Matter
(1974-11)

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